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<h1>Source code for quapy.util</h1><div class="highlight"><pre>
<span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">multiprocessing</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pickle</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Path</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ExitStack</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">quapy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">qp</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">joblib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Parallel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">delayed</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">time</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">time</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">signal</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_get_parallel_slices</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_tasks</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">n_jobs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">multiprocessing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cpu_count</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_tasks</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">remainder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">n_tasks</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">job</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">job</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">remainder</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">job</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">job</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="map_parallel">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.map_parallel">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">map_parallel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Applies func to n_jobs slices of args. E.g., if args is an array of 99 items and n_jobs=2, then</span>
<span class="sd"> func is applied in two parallel processes to args[0:50] and to args[50:99]. func is a function</span>
<span class="sd"> that already works with a list of arguments.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param func: function to be parallelized</span>
<span class="sd"> :param args: array-like of arguments to be passed to the function in different parallel calls</span>
<span class="sd"> :param n_jobs: the number of workers</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">slices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_get_parallel_slices</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Parallel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">)(</span>
<span class="n">delayed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">slice_i</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">slice_i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">slices</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">itertools</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chain</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_iterable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">))</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="parallel">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.parallel">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parallel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">asarray</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;loky&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> A wrapper of multiprocessing:</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs)(</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; delayed(func)(args_i) for args_i in args</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; )</span>
<span class="sd"> that takes the `quapy.environ` variable as input silently.</span>
<span class="sd"> Seeds the child processes to ensure reproducibility when n_jobs&gt;1.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param func: callable</span>
<span class="sd"> :param args: args of func</span>
<span class="sd"> :param seed: the numeric seed</span>
<span class="sd"> :param asarray: set to True to return a np.ndarray instead of a list</span>
<span class="sd"> :param backend: indicates the backend used for handling parallel works</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func_dec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;N_JOBS&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="c1">#set a context with a temporal seed to ensure results are reproducibles in parallel</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ExitStack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">stack</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">stack</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enter_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">util</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">temp_seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">out</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Parallel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">backend</span><span class="p">)(</span>
<span class="n">delayed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func_dec</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args_i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args_i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">asarray</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">out</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">out</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="temp_seed">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.temp_seed">[docs]</a>
<span class="nd">@contextlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contextmanager</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">temp_seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random_state</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Can be used in a &quot;with&quot; context to set a temporal seed without modifying the outer numpy&#39;s current state. E.g.:</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; with temp_seed(random_seed):</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; pass # do any computation depending on np.random functionality</span>
<span class="sd"> :param random_state: the seed to set within the &quot;with&quot; context</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">random_state</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_state</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1">#save the seed just in case is needed (for instance for setting the seed to child processes)</span>
<span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;_R_SEED&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random_state</span>
<span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random_state</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">random_state</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="download_file">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.download_file">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">download_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Downloads a file from a url</span>
<span class="sd"> :param url: the url</span>
<span class="sd"> :param archive_filename: destination filename</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">progress</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blocknum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">total_sz_mb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%.2f</span><span class="s1"> MB&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mf">1e6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">current_sz_mb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%.2f</span><span class="s1"> MB&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">blocknum</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">bs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mf">1e6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s1">downloaded </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1"> / </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">current_sz_mb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total_sz_mb</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Downloading </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlretrieve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reporthook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">progress</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="download_file_if_not_exists">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.download_file_if_not_exists">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">download_file_if_not_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Dowloads a function (using :meth:`download_file`) if the file does not exist.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param url: the url</span>
<span class="sd"> :param archive_filename: destination filename</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span>
<span class="n">create_if_not_exist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">download_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">archive_filename</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="create_if_not_exist">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.create_if_not_exist">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_if_not_exist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> An alias to `os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True)` that also returns the path. This is useful in cases like, e.g.:</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; path = create_if_not_exist(os.path.join(dir, subdir, anotherdir))</span>
<span class="sd"> :param path: path to create</span>
<span class="sd"> :return: the path itself</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">path</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="get_quapy_home">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.get_quapy_home">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_quapy_home</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Gets the home directory of QuaPy, i.e., the directory where QuaPy saves permanent data, such as dowloaded datasets.</span>
<span class="sd"> This directory is `~/quapy_data`</span>
<span class="sd"> :return: a string representing the path</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">home</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;quapy_data&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">home</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="create_parent_dir">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.create_parent_dir">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_parent_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Creates the parent dir (if any) of a given path, if not exists. E.g., for `./path/to/file.txt`, the path `./path/to`</span>
<span class="sd"> is created.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param path: the path</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">parentdir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parentdir</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parentdir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="save_text_file">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.save_text_file">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">save_text_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Saves a text file to disk, given its full path, and creates the parent directory if missing.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param path: path where to save the path.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param text: text to save.</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">create_parent_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fout</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="pickled_resource">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.pickled_resource">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">pickled_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickle_path</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">generation_func</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">callable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Allows for fast reuse of resources that are generated only once by calling generation_func(\\*args). The next times</span>
<span class="sd"> this function is invoked, it loads the pickled resource. Example:</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; def some_array(n): # a mock resource created with one parameter (`n`)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; return np.random.rand(n)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; pickled_resource(&#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;, some_array, 10) # the resource does not exist: it is created by calling some_array(10)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; pickled_resource(&#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;, some_array, 10) # the resource exists; it is loaded from &#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;</span>
<span class="sd"> :param pickle_path: the path where to save (first time) and load (next times) the resource</span>
<span class="sd"> :param generation_func: the function that generates the resource, in case it does not exist in pickle_path</span>
<span class="sd"> :param args: any arg that generation_func uses for generating the resources</span>
<span class="sd"> :return: the resource</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">pickle_path</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">generation_func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickle_path</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickle_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rb&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">generation_func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickle_path</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickle_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wb&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HIGHEST_PROTOCOL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">instance</span></div>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_check_sample_size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample_size</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sample_size</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;SAMPLE_SIZE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> \
<span class="s1">&#39;error: sample_size set to None, and cannot be resolved from the environment&#39;</span>
<span class="n">sample_size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">qp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;SAMPLE_SIZE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">sample_size</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> \
<span class="s1">&#39;error: sample_size is not a positive integer&#39;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">sample_size</span>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="EarlyStop">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.EarlyStop">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EarlyStop</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> A class implementing the early-stopping condition typically used for training neural networks.</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop = EarlyStop(patience=2, lower_is_better=True)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop(0.9, epoch=0)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop(0.7, epoch=1)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop.IMPROVED # is True</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop(1.0, epoch=2)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop.STOP # is False (patience=1)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop(1.0, epoch=3)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop.STOP # is True (patience=0)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop.best_epoch # is 1</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; earlystop.best_score # is 0.7</span>
<span class="sd"> :param patience: the number of (consecutive) times that a monitored evaluation metric (typically obtaind in a</span>
<span class="sd"> held-out validation split) can be found to be worse than the best one obtained so far, before flagging the</span>
<span class="sd"> stopping condition. An instance of this class is `callable`, and is to be used as follows:</span>
<span class="sd"> :param lower_is_better: if True (default) the metric is to be minimized.</span>
<span class="sd"> :ivar best_score: keeps track of the best value seen so far</span>
<span class="sd"> :ivar best_epoch: keeps track of the epoch in which the best score was set</span>
<span class="sd"> :ivar STOP: flag (boolean) indicating the stopping condition</span>
<span class="sd"> :ivar IMPROVED: flag (boolean) indicating whether there was an improvement in the last call</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">patience</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lower_is_better</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PATIENCE_LIMIT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patience</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">better</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">lower_is_better</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patience</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patience</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_epoch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">STOP</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMPROVED</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">watch_score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epoch</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Commits the new score found in epoch `epoch`. If the score improves over the best score found so far, then</span>
<span class="sd"> the patiente counter gets reset. If otherwise, the patience counter is decreased, and in case it reachs 0,</span>
<span class="sd"> the flag STOP becomes True.</span>
<span class="sd"> :param watch_score: the new score</span>
<span class="sd"> :param epoch: the current epoch</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMPROVED</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_score</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">better</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">watch_score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_score</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMPROVED</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">watch_score</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_epoch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">epoch</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patience</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PATIENCE_LIMIT</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patience</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patience</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">STOP</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="timeout">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../quapy.html#quapy.util.timeout">[docs]</a>
<span class="nd">@contextlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contextmanager</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">timeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Opens a context that will launch an exception if not closed after a given number of seconds</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; def func(start_msg, end_msg):</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; print(start_msg)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; sleep(2)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; print(end_msg)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; with timeout(1):</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; func(&#39;begin function&#39;, &#39;end function&#39;)</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; Out[]</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; begin function</span>
<span class="sd"> &gt;&gt;&gt; TimeoutError</span>
<span class="sd"> :param seconds: number of seconds, set to &lt;=0 to ignore the timer</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seconds</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">signum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frame</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TimeoutError</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">signal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">signal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SIGALRM</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">handler</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">signal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alarm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seconds</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">signal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alarm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
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